http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12066/2325 These papers were contributed by AQD staff to various national and international Conferences 2026-04-11T19:41:37Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12066/7366 Development and sustainability of Philippine aquaculture Primavera, Jurgenne Aquaculture plays a predominant role in the Philippines, an archipelago of 7,150 islands with 36,300 km of coastline, 26.6 million ha of coastal waters, and 250,000 ha of lakes, rivers and reservoirs over which are spread 239,000 ha of brackish-water ponds and 14,500 ha of freshwater ponds. From a mere 25,500 mt valued at P33.1 million in 1950, aquaculture production has increased to 38.2 million mt valued at P35.4 billion in 2002, and employs some 258,500 persons. Aquaculture contribution to total fisheries’ production in the 1950-2002 period has similarly increased from 11.6 % to 38.2 % by volume, and from 15.4 % to 31.3 % by value. Next to yields of 894,858 mt of seaweeds and bivalves from mariculture, Philippine aquaculture was dominated in 2002 by brackish-water pond production of 246,937 mt, followed by 94,697 mt from marine and freshwater pens/cages and 70,425 mt from freshwater ponds. Notwithstanding its major contribution to the Philippine economy, aquaculture development has come with many environmental and social costs. Foremost among these is mangrove conversion to culture ponds, mainly for milkfish — around half of the 279,000 ha of mangroves lost from 1951 to 1988 were developed into culture ponds. Ninety-five percent of Philippine brackish-water ponds in 1952-1987 were derived from mangroves. Mangroves have contributed significantly to the well-being of coastal communities for centuries through products used for fuel, construction, fishing, agriculture, forage, and food items mainly fish, crustaceans and mollusks. Mangroves also provide a variety of ecosystem services such as coastal protection provided by a buffer zone during typhoons and storm surges, reduction of shoreline and riverbank erosion, stabilizing sediments, control of flooding and recycling of nutrients. Other environmental impacts are pollution of lake and coastal waters from intensive pond, pen and cage culture; dependence on fish meal and fish oil for feeds; use of chemicals and antibiotics; spread of parasites and diseases; excessive harvesting of wild seed and adults and loss of bycatch. Socioeconomic consequences have the greatest effect on rural communities — loss of mangrove goods and services, blocked access to coastal resources, navigational hazards, privatization of lands and waterways, fishery decline, food insecurity, rural unemployment and urban migration, social disruption and conflicts. The future sustainability of Philippine aquaculture depends not only on farm level practices but also on the integrated management of the coastal zone and government action to prevent or redress environmental and socioeconomic damage. Pond, pen and cage systems for growout need to reduce and mitigate negative impacts and become more environmentally responsible through the development and/or wider dissemination of available onfarm technologies. These cover water management (closed/semiclosed cycles with low to zero water exchange, reservoir/treatment-settling ponds, greenwater techniques), feed management (reduced fishmeal/fish oil levels, lower N, P in effluents), effluent management (biofilters using seaweed, oysters and external filters such as mangroves, sludge processing and disposal, fallowing), and reduced use of antibiotics and chemicals. Aquaculture needs greater integration, e.g. the polyculture of more than one species in the same pond, or aquasilviculture where fish/shrimp/crab culture is integrated with mangroves. Only one among the many uses of the coastal zone, aquaculture should develop within the framework of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). For example, siting of aquaculture farms should be based on the ecological footprint of the farming technology, and farm density should not exceed environmental capacity of a given area. ICZM features coastal zonation based on carrying or assimilative capacity of the environment; valuation of alternative resource uses; buffer zones between aquafarms and villages, rice paddies, rehabilitation of mangroves and other degraded habitats; participation of various stakeholders, e.g. fishers, aquafarmers; protection of communal resources, rights and access of marginalized groups; and mechanisms for conflict resolution. The government should enforce existing laws; institute a clear national aquaculture policy with corresponding institutional arrangements such as resource use fees for land, groundwater use, and penalties to fund environmental rehabilitation and compensate socioeconomic damage and become mangrovefriendly by adopting silvofisheries (or aquasilviculture where crabs/fish/shrimp are reared at low density in mangrove ponds and pens) or integrating mangroves filter adjacent to intensive fish/shrimp ponds. All these require a paradigm shift from the short-sighted common exploitation of water, mangroves and other resources to the ecological footprint approach incorporating not only inputs such as feed and seed, but also outputs, e.g. effluent treatment facilities. 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12066/7365 For the record: The fate of libraries and records offices in the Visayas, Philippines devastated by the typhoon Haiyan Alayon, Stephen; Superio, Daryl; Alenzuela, Reysa; Lagrama, Eimee Rhea C.; Samaniego, Carina C.; Fumar, Florabel M.; Bunyaphiphat, Tunchira; Enomae, Toshiharu; Ohe, Katsuki; Tsuda, Yolanda; Tsuda, Mamoru Ruenwai, Narumol A year after Typhoon Haiyan (local name: Yolanda) hit central Philippines, traces of destruction are still evident. Libraries and records offices were not spared from the damage. Recovery efforts on lives and properties have been attended to but the salvage of records that establish the existence of lives and properties have earned little attention. This paper described the result of the survey, assessment and documentation on the extent of damage to selected academic libraries and government offices in Eastern and Western Visayas, Philippines conducted five and nine months respectively after the disaster. It also identified the recovery, restoration and conservation initiatives done by librarians, archivists, records officers, office managers and volunteers. It further documented innovative ways done to recover flood-damaged documents. The study also determined the disaster preparedness and the level of knowledge of the library staff on disaster management. Despite the delay in the recovery efforts and assessment of the damages, the findings of the study are useful in sharing the lessons learned and identifying common areas in need of improvement. The findings can serve as baseline data for disaster preparedness projects and researches, document recovery initiatives, capacity building of records officers and librarians on disaster management, and in building back better libraries and records offices. 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12066/7363 Fatty acid composition of Nile tilapia Orechromis niloticus muscles: A comparative study with commercially important tropical freshwater fish in Philippines Suloma, Ashraf; Ogata, Hiroshi Y.; Garibay, Esteban S.; Chavez, Denny R.; El-Haroun, Ehab Elghobashy, H.; Fitzsimmons, Kevin; Diab, A. S. Six tropical freshwater species were collected from Philippines in order to study the characteristic of polyunsaturated fatty acids distributions. 16:0 and 18: l n-9 were the predominant saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) in both neutral lipids (NL) and polar lipids (PL). There was an absence or very low values of n3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) in NL of all species. However these fatty acids found in PL of all species studied with higher levels. The high proportions of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in PL were found with catfish Arius (20.71%), ayungin (17.64%), and snakehead (17.09%) whereas anabas (4.21%) gave lower DHA content. In PL, arachidonic acids (ARA) was found in high proportions, and also is superior to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (ranged from 3.35 to 10.67% and from 0.42 to 4.74%, respectively). Tilapia lipid appears to be intermediate in nutritional quality between all species studied; the proportions of DHA, EPA and ARA in PL were 16.27%, 4.52% and 9.36%, respectively. According to the n-3/n-6 ratio in both fractions, only ayungin is in the range typical of freshwater fish. Our results indicate that the wild tropical freshwater fish studied here are not good sources of n-3 HUFA fatty acids. Therefore, aquatic nutritionists and farmers should combine their efforts in order to manipulate the nutritional quality of these species to enhance their n-3 HUFAs concentrations especially when these species are reared in captivity system. The wash-out strategy may provide an adequate description of the changes in the fillet lipid fatty acid profiles of fatty fish. 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12066/7349 Susceptibility of Macrobachium rosenbergii to local white spot syndrome virus isolate using immersion assay Bartolata, Ramgie M.; Logronio, Dan Joseph; Romana-Eguia, Maria Rowena R. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) continue to be one of the leading causes of serious epizootic in cultured shrimp. Macrobrachium rosenbergii or giant freshwater prawns are found to be resistant in White spot syndrome virus (WSSV). However, conflicting studies have shown that pathogenicity of WSSV to M.rosenbergii may vary according to the life cycle of prawn, strain of WSSV and the source of the virus during passaging. On this preliminary study, the susceptibility of M. rosenbergii stocks to local strain of WSSV as exposed via immersion assay will be determined. Likewise, the pathogenicity of WSSV will be identified using the median lethal dose (LD50). The confirmation for the presence of WSSV on giant freshwater prawns will be done using nested PCR. The preliminary study will provide valuable data for the succeeding experiments. 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z