Nitrogen and phosphorus digestibility and excretion of different-sized groups of milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) fed formulated and natural food-based diets

Abstract

This study determined the digestibility of nitrogen and phosphorus, and the excretion rate of different-sized groups of milkfish fed a commercial diet, a SEAFDEC formulated diet or lab-lab (natural food-based diet). Fish (31.2–263.0 g) were stocked in 12 units of 300-L fibreglass tanks filled with aerated seawater. The postprandial total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN) and phosphate (PO₄-P) excretion of fish were estimated from changes in TAN and PO₄-P concentrations in water for 24 h. Digestibility was determined from the nitrogen, phosphorus and Cr₂O₃ content of the diets, and pooled faeces after the fish had been fed diets marked with chromic oxide. TAN excretion rate (mg TAN kg⁻¹ fish day⁻¹) was significantly lowest (P < 0.05) in medium to very big fish fed the lab-lab diet (60.8–124.4) and highest in small and medium fish fed the SEAFDEC diet (333.3–331.6) and small fish fed the commercial diet (280.1). Regardless of size, fish fed lab-lab excreted (mg PO₄-P kg⁻¹ fish day⁻¹) significantly lower PO₄-P (36.2) but did not differ with fish fed the commercial diet (64.8). Excretion rates decreased exponentially as fish weight increased but positively increased with feed ration. Excretion pattern of milkfish revealed two peaks: the first peak occurred 6 h after feeding and the second peak at 18 h for TAN and 21 h for PO₄-P, coinciding with the start of the daylight hours. TAN and PO₄-P excretion accounted for 20.5–34.6% of total N consumed and 18.7–42.6% of P consumed respectively. Approximately 27.9–42.5% of N consumed and 47.2–58.5% of P consumed were lost as faeces. Total nutrient losses were lower using the lab-lab diet (0.31 g N and 0.14 g P kg⁻¹ fish) compared with the formulated diets (0.47–0.48 g N and 0.17–0.19 g P kg⁻¹ fish); the losses decreased per kg of fish as fish size increased. Results suggest that the diet and size of fish influence wastage of N and P to the environment with greater losses in small fish and when artificial diets are used. Such measurements will provide valuable information for the preparation of N and P budgets for milkfish in grow-out systems.