Histopathological response of milkfish Chanos chanos Forsskal fingerlings to potassium permanganate

Abstract

Static 96 h bioassays were conducted on milkfish fingerlings at concentrations ranging from 1.00 to 1.80 mg/l KMnO₄. Histopathological analyses of gills, liver, and kidney tissues revealed significant changes even in non-lethal concentrations tested. Damage became severe with increasing concentration and longer exposure to the chemical. Partial to complete recovery was observed in gills, liver, and kidney cells of fish exposed to KMnO₄ for 96 h and then maintained in KMnO₄-free seawater for 240 h.